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On the other hand, it is not uncommon that with the loss of an i or j, its effect, the umlaut, has apparently disappeared (so-called " Rückumlaut "), as for example in Middle High German and New High German in the infinitive for Gothic brannjan (to burn) is said, but in the past tense middle high German brante (now written burned), although the corresponding Gothic form brannida is. In Middle High German it says I valle, but you vellest (fall) because the second person originally had an i (Old High German fallis ).Ī later development (by analogy), on the other hand, is the formation of the verb rüemen (to boast, next to ruomen ) from ruom (fame) Primarily no umlaut could occur here because in Old High German the original j of the infinitive ending had already disappeared due to the previous change from -jan to -en (Germanic * hrōmjan → Old High German hruomen, ruomen ).Įven with nouns whose stem vowel is changed in the plural ( man - men ), this change is explained by the influence of an i earlier in the final syllable of the plural form. The umlaut was retained even if the i or j was dropped or was weakened to Schwa.

In later times, clearly since Middle High German, the vowels â, ŏ / ô and ŭ / û also have their own graphemes (today ä, ö, ü ) or digraphs such as ae, oe, iu (for the diphthongs üe i, which occurred earlier. The light vowel i has an assimilating effect in that it makes the vowel of a preceding syllable similar to itself, i.e. While it is according to the law in guest - guests and lamb - lambs, it is a secondary takeover in nail - nails and forest - forests. In later times, umlaut very often appeared analogously. the vowel change, and secondarily also its result, i.e. In the case of the u umlauts and the a umlauts, a vowel is changed accordingly in the direction of the sound u or a (for this vowel triangle or vowel trapezoid ) The term umlaut actually designates the process, i.e. The umlaut is the change of articulation (tongue and / or embouchure) of a vowel in a morpheme on which a diffraction - or derivative syllable follows or earlier followed, which - in the case of i-umlaut - the vowel i or semi-vowel j contains. The ablaut, which has a different etymological origin and function, must be distinguished from the umlaut. The term umlaut in the historical linguistic sense was introduced by Jacob Grimm, who also described the phenomenon of refraction for the a umlaut. 2.8 Representation and input in computer systems.2.1 Articulation in the German language.(load "~/.emacs.d/extensions/auctex/tex-site. (add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/extensions/ac-math") (add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/extensions/auctex") Here’s my complete config for copy & paste It get’s you a WYSIWYG editor for Latex and by pressing C-c you can compile the current file and view it in an external program like Adobe Acrobat reader. Last but not least I like the preview feature from auctex. You always see and type umlaut character and Emacs does the rest for you.Īdditionally I use yasnippets and auto-completion mode thus I am lazy and want to write as quick as my mind flows.įor spell checking flyspell and hunspell via ispell.el jumps in just because hunspell (from Libreoffice) is the most advanced spell checker available on GNU/Linux. The last one automatically converts German umlauts to the format \”a and vice versa. Beside the latest Git source of auctex (due to compatibility issues with the installed version of texlive on Fedora 20, Debian Jessie and Arch Linux) I use the external packages auto-complete, ac-math, yasnippet and tex-smart-umlauts.